Community Assessment Cancer Atlanta SWOT analysis

Community Assessment Cancer Atlanta SWOT analysis

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Running head: UNIVERSAL HEALTHCARE: ETHICAL AND LEGAL FOUNDATIONS Universal Healthcare: Analyzing the Ethical and Legal Foundations of the Policy Name of student Institutional Affiliation Date of submission 1 UNIVERSAL HEALTHCARE: ETHICAL AND LEGAL FOUNDATIONS 2 Universal Healthcare: Analyzing the Ethical and Legal Foundations of the Policy Introduction According to the World Health Organization report, good health is a fundamental right to all the people for ensuring that there is a sustained socio-economic development as well as significant reduction in the global poverty levels (Carrin, 2007). It is therefore important to explore the ethical and legal foundations of this policy implementation and explicate the pros and cons of these perspectives in an effort to make universal access to healthcare services more reasoning and beneficial to all. These are discussed under the following distinct subheadings. Part 1: Ethical Analysis of the Policy Ensuring equal access to healthcare services by all the citizens is surrounded by serious ethical concerns. Based on the utilitarian ethical perspective, it is imperative to examine if the decision or taking the action to implement the policy will bring maximum goodness to the greatest proportion of the population. Already, there are issues of discrimination of the lower income segment of the society (Burns, Dooley, & Armstrong, 2014). The policy protagonists argue that the universal health coverage program will limit access of the uninsured and the underinsured who cannot afford to pay the universal healthcare coverage taxes imposed by the government. This implies that all the people will not have equal access to the healthcare services yet it is a legal requirement enshrined under the Bill of Rights as a fundamental human right. Another important ethical concern resulting from the universal healthcare policy is the determination of how the policy helps to fulfill the duties, obligations, and responsibilities between the governments and the citizens. It is the duty of the government to ensure equal access to healthcare services by all its citizens without any form of alienation (Cox, 2010). This, therefore, brings the question of whether the taxes imposed by the government for universal healthcare coverage takes into consideration these issues. Under any circumstance nevertheless, it can be argued that universal healthcare is both good and bad based on an ethical analysis. It is good in the sense that it reduces the overall cost of healthcare and ensures all citizens access it. It is also bad in the sense that it does not bring equity in the access to healthcare services especially with reference to the uninsured and the underinsured. UNIVERSAL HEALTHCARE: ETHICAL AND LEGAL FOUNDATIONS 3 Part 2: Legal Analysis of the Policy One imperative legal issue associated with the introduction and implementation of the universal healthcare policy is the issue of privatization. It is evident that universal health care coverage is a multi-trillion dollar industry which draws the interest of many players from both the public and the private sectors. The privatization affects the costs of accessing healthcare to lower income individuals due to inflated costs of services (Tsimtsiou, 2017). This limits access to fundamental rights of the citizens such as accessing basic and high-quality healthcare products and services. From a critical and in-depth perspective, this is quite costly to the normal citizens and the entire rollout of the program become compromised since it only benefits a selected class of the society which is against the law of providing equal access of healthcare services to all people. This is, however, good and bad from different perspectives. It is good in the sense that it expands the economy especially the healthcare industry through the revenues generated during privatization. It is bad in the sense that it ignores the legal obligations of the government in ensuring that all citizens get equal and desirable access to the healthcare services irrespective of one’s social class in the society. Part 3: Recommendations Based on the analysis above, it is evident that universal healthcare as a policy in the healthcare industry is affected by various ethical and legal considerations. It is therefore imperative to find suitable strategies that would make the program meaningful and useful to all. This can be achieved by involving stakeholder collaboration during policy review and decision-making. This includes stakeholders from both the public and private sectors (“5. Responsibility- Sensitive Universal Health Care,” n.d). It is also important for the government to look into the plight of the lower income class of individuals who cannot afford the insurance costs and find how they can be incorporated into the program. This will create a better platform for understanding and allstakeholders involvement as desired. UNIVERSAL HEALTHCARE: ETHICAL AND LEGAL FOUNDATIONS References 5. Responsibility- Sensitive Universal Health Care. (n.d.). Health, Luck, and Justice. Burns, R., Dooley, B., & Armstrong, J. (2014). Towards Universal Health Care- A Review of the Basic Basket of Care Associated With Universal Health Care Delivery Models. Value in Health, 17(7), A417-A418. Carrin, G. (2007). Designing health financing policy towards universal coverage. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 85(09), 652-652. Cox, T. (2010). Legal and Ethical Implications of Health Care Provider Insurance Risk Assumption. JONA’s Healthcare Law, Ethics, and Regulation, 12(4), 106-116. Tsimtsiou, Z. (2017). Primary health care and universal health coverage: Achieving health for all. Health and Primary Care, 1(1). 4 Running head: ATLANTA CITY DEMOGRAPHICS Atlanta City Demographics Name Institution 1 2 ATLANTA CITY DEMOGRAPHICS SECTION 1: Data Collection Demographic related data Indicators Data for Atlanta 416,474 Data for Data source US 328,953,020 Informplease (2018). Demographic Statistics for Atlanta, Georgia. Retrieved from: https://www.infoplease.com/us/georgia/ demographic-statistics-2 Population under the age of 5 26,666 (6.4 percent). 19,175,798 (6.8 percent). Population over the age of 65 40535 (9.4 percent). 51, 055, 052 (15 percent) Population of male and female Ethnic backgrounds 416,474 328,953,020 6 6 Overall population of area of focus Sampling notes The population of Atlanta is a fraction of the entire US population. 6.4 percent of Atlanta population is under 5 years compared to 6.8 percent in US. US nation has more senior population (15 percent) compared to Atlanta City (9.4 percent). Both Atlanta City and US have 3 ATLANTA CITY DEMOGRAPHICS Percentage of nonnative speaking population/ households 99.8% Education levels 89.9% high school graduate or higher Income levels $53,843 median household income About 70.6 percent of the population 87.3% high school graduate or higher $57,652 median income household Informplease (2018). Demographic Statistics for Atlanta, Georgia. Retrieved from: https://www.infoplease.com/us/georgia/ demographic-statistics-2 the same number of race and ethnic groups such as Whites, AfricanAmericans, Asians, Natives. Atlanta has a higher percentage of nonnative population than the entire US population. Atlanta has a relatively higher proportion of population with high school graduate education and higher. Atlanta City has a lower median household income ($53,843) than the nation’s 4 ATLANTA CITY DEMOGRAPHICS median income of $57 652. Health Related Data Indicators Life expectancy mortality Infant mortality Data for Atlanta 77.4 Data Data source for US 80 Frey, W. H. (2018). Diversity years explosion: How new racial demographics are remaking America. Brookings Institution Press. 7.8 (by 2015) 5.8 (by 2015) Sampling notes The data shows that expectancy mortality is higher in US than in Atlanta. Health condition in the whole of US makes it more likely for people to live long lives than in Atlanta. Infant mortality rate is higher in Atlanta than in the US. This means there are more deaths of infants below the age of ne year in Atlanta than the overall mortality on US nation. SECTION 2: Proposal Outline Comparison of Atlanta with US United States has a diverse population of different ethnic and racial groups, which can be found in Atlanta City. These groups include Whites (non-Hispanics), Hispanics (not including black and Asian Hispanics, Asians (including Hispanic Asians), Mixed (non-Hispanics mixed race), Native Indians and Other groups. Unites States has a higher population of minor under 5 years (6.8 percent) compared with Atlanta City that has 6.4 percent of its population under 5 years. In addition, 15 percent of US in the entire country are aged over 65 years, compared to Atlanta that has 9.4 percent of senior population. ATLANTA CITY DEMOGRAPHICS 5 In terms of education achievement, Atlanta city has a relatively higher proportion of population with a high school or graduate education (89.9 %) compared to United States (87.3 percent) nationwide statistics. However, the same cannot be said about income levels. Atlanta falls below the US median income household ($57 652) which is currently at $53 843. Life expectancy is lower (at 77.4%) than in the rest of the nation (at 80 years). Additionally, the data shows that infant mortality in Atlanta city is lower (at 7.8) compared to infant mortality across the nation (5.8). These findings suggest that health conditions are more favorable in the across the nation than in Atlanta city. Atlanta city faces health challenges typical in the United States. The top ten most prevalent diseases appear to be spread across Atlanta and US: Heart diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory complications, Alzheimer disease, diabetes, stroke, pneumonia and chronic respiratory. Septicemia is more common in Atlanta city than in the in US. Cancer Prevalence in Atlanta This research will focus on cancer in Atlanta City and across United States because it is one of the most prevalent diseases and major health concern not only in US, but also all over the world. Cancer is the second leading cause of death and according to the Center for Disease Control and prevention (2018), Cancer will be the leading cause of death in United States by 2020 and it is projected the number of cancer cases will increase to nearly 2 million incidences per year. Cancer is an important health issue because more than 1.5 million people are diagnosed with cancer and over 500 00 die because of the disease. Despite the high prevalence, more than half of cancer-caused deaths can be prevented by ensuring healthy lifestyle, sufficient sleep, proper nutrition and physical exercises. ATLANTA CITY DEMOGRAPHICS 6 Atlanta City Population Atlanta is the most populous city in Georgia and the nation’s 39th most populous city. Atlanta metropolitan area is the ninth largest with 5.6 million people while the urban population has 4.5 million people. The city has been experiencing a significant demographic increase in its white population while the black population has been decreasing partly because of influx of white population from neighborhoods like Old Fourth Ward and movement of Blacks in nearby suburbs. African-Americans are the largest racial group who are concentrated in Northwest, Southwest and southeast Atlanta. The city has one of the highest populations of LGBT per capita ranking behind San Francisco and Seattle: 12.8 percent of the entire population is recognized as gay, bisexual or lesbian. Hispanics are the fastest growing group. Objectives 1. To describe the demography of Atlanta City and compare it with United States 2. To discuss current demographic trends, issues and concerns in Atlanta city. 3. To explore the spread of cancer in Atlanta and its impacts on the city Activities Activities for Objective 1 1. Conducting research by exploring literature and other sources that talk about the demography of Atlanta city. 2. Reading online sources and print media for information related to Atlanta city. Activities for Objective 2 ATLANTA CITY DEMOGRAPHICS 7 1. Visiting the city of Atlanta. 2. Conducting research by exploring literature and other sources that talk about the demography of Atlanta city. Activities for Objective 3 1. Visiting institutions and bodies concerned with provision of quality healthcare and prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. 2. Conducting Interviews with healthcare professionals and cancer patients in Atlanta city to understand the prevalence, causes and prevention measures of cancer. 8 ATLANTA CITY DEMOGRAPHICS References Center for disease control (2018). Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/ nchs/pressroom/states/ georgia/georgia.htm Frey, W. H. (2018). Diversity explosion: How new racial demographics are remaking America. Brookings Institution Press. Hannah Nichols (2017). The top 10 leading causes of death in the United States. Retrieved from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/282929.php Informplease (2018). Demographic Statistics for Atlanta, Georgia. Retrieved from: https://www.infoplease.com/us/georgia/demographic-statistics-2
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